Del sol al año del señor: un viaje por los calendarios
Los calendarios, más allá de ser herramientas para medir el tiempo, han sido el reflejo de las civilizaciones que los crearon. A lo largo de la historia de la humanidad existieron muchos calendarios, algunos basados en la Luna y otros en el Sol, hasta se han conocido calendarios lunisolares, con el fin de organizar sus actividades, siembras, cosechas, fechas ceremoniales, y hasta predecir crecidas como el caso del Nilo en el antiguo Egipto.
Los primeros calendarios romanos, antes de la reforma realizada por Julio César, eran mucho más simples, se fijó el año 0 o “ab urbe condita” (fundación de Roma, 753 a.c) y se basaba en observaciones lunares y estacionales. Inicialmente tenía solo 10 meses, comenzando en marzo y terminando en diciembre. 1 Martius, 2 Aprilis, 3 Mayus, 4 Junius, 5 Quintili, 6 Sextili, 7 September, 8 October, 9 November y 10 December, luego se agregarían Januarius y Februarius, también existio un 13er mes llamado Macedonius con fines compensatorios. Cada mes tenía una duración variable, pero en promedio el año duraba 304 días.
El calendario juliano fue creado por Sosígenes (astrónomo alejandrino) e instaurado por Julio César (líder romano) en el año 46 a.C., fue un hito en la medición del tiempo en el mundo occidental. Basado en el movimiento de la Tierra alrededor del Sol, este calendario tenia 365,25 días y dividía el año en meses con nombres de origen romano.
Sin embargo, con el tiempo algo no cerraba, el calendario juliano se ha ido desfasando gradualmente con el año trópico real, lo que causó desajustes en las estaciones y en las fechas de celebraciones religiosas como la Pascua cristiana.
Años después, para solucionar este problema, el papa Gregorio XIII promulgó en 1582 el calendario gregoriano, que corregía el desfasaje y establecía nuevas reglas para los años bisiestos.
¿Cómo se hizo el cambio?
Para pasar del calendario juliano al gregoriano y corregir ese desfasaje, se omitieron diez días. Así, después del jueves 4 de octubre de 1582, vino el viernes 15 de octubre de 1582. (te imaginas acostarte el 4 y despertarte el 15?).
La figura de Dionisio el Exiguo, monje Bizantino erudito, astrónomo y matemático, fue clave en esta historia, ya que en el siglo VI estableció el Anno Domini, fijando el nacimiento de Jesus como el año 1, el famoso ac/dc.
Este sistema eurocentrista, hegemónico y reduccionista se expandió, convirtiéndose en la base del cómputo del tiempo en el mundo occidental.
Conclusión
El calendario que utilizamos hoy en día es el resultado de una larga historia de intentos por medir el tiempo y sincronizarlo con los ciclos naturales. Desde los calendarios lunares, solares, el juliano de los romanos, pasando por las innovaciones de Dionisio el Exiguo, la reforma del Papa Gregorio XIII y la expansión del cristianismo por el mundo, hemos llegado al calendario gregoriano, que sigue siendo nuestro principal instrumento para organizar el tiempo.
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